--"IGCSE ECONOMICS REVISITED!"--
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"The 'PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY CURVE (PPC)' also known as the PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER (PPF), is an economic model used to illustrate the economic concepts of FACTORS OF PRODUCTION, SCARCITY, CHOICE, and OPPORTUNITY COST."
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"This model condenses the output of an entire economy into two categories (e.g., capital vs. consumer goods) and then plots the various combinations that the economy can produce given its LIMITED FIXED STOCK OF RESOURCES within a chosen time period. It clearly illustrates 'choice,' 'trade-offs,' and 'opportunity costs.'"
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"Let's start with imagining a simple island economy that can produce either π or π on a 'per day' basis..."Β
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('Insert image of labeled axis')
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"We can start with determining the maximum output that could be produced if 100% of the resources (in this example, 10 laborers) were devoted to the production of each of the goods; in this case, we have either 100 π or 100 π per hour."
('Insert image of axis with extremes)
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"So what about the other 'trade-off combinations' between these two maximums?"Β
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"If you give up/forgo π, how many additional π can you produce, and vice versa?" "Well, if the trade-off between the two goods is 'constant,' at say 'one for one', then what would the PPC look like?"
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"Correct! It's a 'straight line' with a 'gradient of one,' 100/100; in other words, the trade-off (aka the opportunity cost) is CONSTANT, for every additional +1 π, we forgo a -1 π, and vice versa."
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"But for this to be the case, 'CLONING' πΆπΆπΆπΆπΆπΆ would need to be legal as all the workers MUST be equally suitable for producing both products, and the opportunity costs would be identical like the table below."
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"We can see that for every additional apple, a single strawberry must be forgone (for example, a worker can pick 9 apples and 1 strawberry, giving up 1 apple for the strawberry and so on)."
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"...in other words the assumption that creates the constant straight PPC is not realistic, as not all resources/workers are the same in terms of productivity ('imperfect factor mobility')."
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"If we assume that 'HEIGHT' has the biggest influence on the relative productivity of each labour resource, with taller people being more suitable for π-picking and shorter people being more suitable for π-picking you should realise that with impefect factor mobility we will employ better π pickers, to pick π and vice versa.
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"...and in terms of opportunity cost, when we employ taller and taller workers to pick π what do you think happens to the opportunity cost in terms of π?"
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"That's right, it INCREASES, in other words there exists INCREASING OPPORTUNITY COSTS."
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"So what does this do to the shape of the PPC?"
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--TASK--
"Below is a table showing the productivities of workers with different heights and corresponding productivity levels. Now, using graph paper plot the PPC and explain the shape in terms of increasing opportunity cost!"
OUTWARD SHIFT
These are changes that allow the economy to produce more apples and/or strawberries than before.
--TASK--
"With reference to the factors of production, explain three ways the PPC of the island-economy could grow."
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--EXAMPLE--
"If more workers arrived on the island then potential output of both apples and strawberries should rise causing teh PPC to shift outwards...however
INWARD SHIFT
These are changes that cause the economy to produce fewer apples and/or strawberries than before.
--TASK--
"With reference to the three growth factors, explain their alternatives that would cause output to shrink."
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--EXAMPLE--
"...if some of the current workers decided to build s boat and sial off to find a better place to live then the potential output would fall causing in inward shift."
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UNEVEN OUTWARD SHIFT ('PIVOT')
"So far we have assumed that the changes that shift the PPC outward have an equal impact on the rate of production of both goods, hence the equal gain in output for BOTH quantities;
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[INSERT OUTWARD SHIFT DIAGRAM HERE]
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"...However, it could be the case that the cause of the shift only/predominantly impacts one of the goods relative to the other. For example, if 5 new castaways are washed up, the total production of both increases; however, as they are all very short, do you think the outward shifts for both goods would be the same?"Β
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--TASK--
"Sketch it!"
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"Did it look like this?"
[INSERT OUTWARD SHIFT WITH MORE FOR STRAWBERRY]
--TASK--
"Under your diagram list at least 5 reasons, including the reason given above as to why strawberry production could increase at a faster rate than apple production."
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